Thurs May 27th

Reviewed for final exam... Went over study guide answers.

Answers to study guide
Answers to Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 2
1. 4.6 billion yrs old
2. Compositional: crust, mantle, core Structural: lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer, inner core
3. Electric currents created by earth’s core
4. Equator because the Earth is a slightly flattened sphere called an oblate sphere which means it is flatter at the poles. The poles are therefore closer to the core, creating a greater gravitational attraction, making you heavier.
Chapter 5
1. Naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a chemical composition, internal structure, and set of physical properties.
2. Non-silicate and silicate (silicon and oxygen)
3. Hardness, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, color
4. Fluorescence, phosphorescence, chatoyancy, asterism, radioactivity, magnetism, double refraction
5. Gypsum- wallboard, halite- salt, mica- paints and make up, fluorite-toothpaste
Chapter 6
1. Igneous rock forms from melting and cooling
2. Intrusive- inside earth, extrusive- on earth’s surface
3. Intrusive-> Slow-> large
4. Extrusive-> fast -> small
5. Sediments are eroded, deposited, and then compacted and cemented back together.
6. Organic, chemical, clastic
7. Conglomerate/breccias, sandstone, shale
8. Rocks change due to temperature and pressure.
9. Contact and regional
10. Foliated- slate, schist, gneiss; Non-foliated- quartzite, marble

Chapter 8
1. Law that sedimentary rock layers are older than the layers above it and younger than those below it.
2. Coarse or heavy particles are deposited first (bottom) smaller ones travel further or rest on top.
3. Break in geologic record when layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for long period of time.
4. Fault or body of rock is always younger than the layer it cuts through
5. A, B, C, D, E, F
6. Relative is age of object in relation to others around it (superposition); Absolute age is the exact age of a rock or object.
7. Carbon dating, radiometric dating, radioactive isotopes, half life
Chapter 10
1. CDT is the theory that the continents have moved position over time. Alfred Wegener
2. Fossil, geologic, climate, fit of continents
3. Underwater mountain range found in Atlantic ocean where two plates are dividing
4. Divergent plate boundary where magma is rising to surface and creating new sea floor, old sea floor is being pushed away from ridge. Harry Hess
5. Pangaea
6. Atlantic is getting larger due to the mid-atlantic ridge and Pacific plate is being subducted
7. Theory that explains how large pieces of lithosphere called plates move and change shape.
8. 15
9. Divergent, convergent, transform
10. Cc divergent- red sea, oo divergent- mid-atlantic ridge, oc convergent-Andes mtns, cc convergent- Himalayan mtns, oo convergent- island arc or marianas trench, transform- san andreas fault.
Chapter 12
1. When rock returns to its original position after stress from rocks breaks
2. Epicenter-surface; focus- inside earth
3. P waves and s waves
4. P- 1st, fastest, solid, liquid and gas------------------- S- 2nd, shear, only through solid
5. Surface happen on the surface of earth- most destructive
6. Area on Earth’s surface where no seismic waves can be detected
7. Intensity-amount of damage caused by an earthquake------Magnitude-strength of earthquake
8. Magnitude
9. Intensity
10. Giant wave in the ocean
11. Earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide
Chapter 13
1. Magma- molten material inside the earth----------Lave- molten material on surface
2. Any activity that involves movement of magma onto earth’s surface.
3. One plate subducts under another. Plate melts, creates pressure, and pushes magma up
4. Volcanically active area in the middle of a plate created by rising magma from a mantle plume.
5. Mafic- rich in magnesium-----------------Felsic- rich in feldspar
6. Quiet, violent
7. Resistance to flow
8. Mafic->Low->Quiet ex. Hawaii
9. Felsic->High->violent ex. mount st. Helens
10. Volcanic dust, volcanic ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs, volcanic blocks
11. Large circular depression created when magma chamber partially empties and volcano collapses in.
12. Fills with water. Ex. crater lake
13. Shield, composite/strato, cinder cone
14. Hawaiin, Mount St. Helens, Surtesy/Paricutin
15. Wide base, alternating layers of ash/lava, only violent eruptions
Fossils
5 ways fossils form: tar pits, mummification, amber, freezing, petrification
Mold vs. Cast: mold is imprint, cast is replica